Teuchos_Array.hpp

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#ifndef TEUCHOS_ARRAY_H
#define TEUCHOS_ARRAY_H

#include "Teuchos_ConfigDefs.hpp"
#include "Teuchos_Assert.hpp"
#include "Teuchos_TypeNameTraits.hpp"
#include "Teuchos_ArrayRCP.hpp"
#include "Teuchos_Tuple.hpp"
#include "Teuchos_Utils.hpp"
#include "Teuchos_Assert.hpp"

#if defined(HAVE_TEUCHOSCORE_CXX11) && defined(HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK) && defined(HAVE_TEUCHOS_THREAD_SAFE) && !defined(REMOVE_THREAD_PROTECTION_FOR_ARRAY)
#include <mutex>
#define USE_MUTEX_LOCK_FOR_ARRAY
#endif

namespace Teuchos {

class InvalidArrayStringRepresentation : public std::logic_error
{public:InvalidArrayStringRepresentation(const std::string& what_arg) : std::logic_error(what_arg) {}};


template<typename T> class Array;


// 2007/11/30: rabartl: Below, I had to move the initial declaration of these
// non-member template functions outside of the Array class since the Sun
// compiler on sass9000 would not accept this.  However, this did work on a
// number of other compilers such a g++, Intel C++ etc.  The old in-class
// non-member friend definition is clearly ISO 98 C++ as shown in Item 46 of
// "Effective C++: Third Edition".  This is not the end of the world but this
// is something to remember for this platform.


template<typename T> inline
bool operator==( const Array<T> &a1, const Array<T> &a2 );


template<typename T> inline
bool operator!=( const Array<T> &a1, const Array<T> &a2 );


template<typename T> inline
void swap( Array<T> &a1, Array<T> &a2 );


template<typename T> inline
bool operator<( const Array<T> &a1, const Array<T> &a2 );


template<typename T> inline
bool operator<=( const Array<T> &a1, const Array<T> &a2 );


template<typename T> inline
bool operator>( const Array<T> &a1, const Array<T> &a2 );


template<typename T> inline
bool operator>=( const Array<T> &a1, const Array<T> &a2 );


template<typename T>
class Array
{
public:

  // 2007/11/30: rabartl: Below, note that the only reason that these
  // functions are declared as friends is so that the compiler will do
  // automatic type conversions as described in "Effective C++: Third Edition"
  // Item 46.

  template<typename T2>
  friend bool Teuchos::operator==( const Array<T2> &a1, const Array<T2> &a2 );

  template<typename T2>
  friend bool Teuchos::operator!=( const Array<T2> &a1, const Array<T2> &a2 );

  template<typename T2>
  friend void swap( Array<T2> &a1, Array<T2> &a2 );

  template<typename T2>
  friend bool Teuchos::operator<( const Array<T2> &a1, const Array<T2> &a2 );

  template<typename T2>
  friend bool Teuchos::operator<=( const Array<T2> &a1, const Array<T2> &a2 );

  template<typename T2>
  friend bool Teuchos::operator>( const Array<T2> &a1, const Array<T2> &a2 );

  template<typename T2>
  friend bool Teuchos::operator>=( const Array<T2> &a1, const Array<T2> &a2 );


  typedef Teuchos_Ordinal Ordinal;
  typedef Ordinal size_type;
  typedef Ordinal difference_type;
  typedef typename std::vector<T>::value_type value_type;
  typedef typename std::vector<T>::pointer pointer;
  typedef typename std::vector<T>::const_pointer const_pointer;
  typedef typename std::vector<T>::reference reference;
  typedef typename std::vector<T>::const_reference const_reference;
  typedef typename std::vector<T>::allocator_type allocator_type;

#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  typedef ArrayRCP<T> iterator;
  typedef ArrayRCP<const T> const_iterator;
  typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator> reverse_iterator;
  typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator> const_reverse_iterator;
#else
  typedef typename std::vector<T>::iterator iterator;
  typedef typename std::vector<T>::const_iterator const_iterator;
  typedef typename std::vector<T>::reverse_iterator reverse_iterator;
  typedef typename std::vector<T>::const_reverse_iterator const_reverse_iterator;
#endif



  inline Array();

  inline explicit Array(size_type n, const value_type& value = value_type());

  inline Array(const Array<T>& x);

  template<typename InputIterator>
  inline Array(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);

  inline Array(const ArrayView<const T>& a);

  template<int N>
  inline Array(const Tuple<T,N>& t);

  inline ~Array();

  inline Array& operator=(const Array<T>& a);



  inline void assign(size_type n, const value_type& val);
  template<typename InputIterator>
  inline void assign(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
  inline iterator begin();
  inline iterator end();
  inline const_iterator begin() const;
  inline const_iterator end() const;
  inline reverse_iterator rbegin();
  inline reverse_iterator rend();
  inline const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const;
  inline const_reverse_iterator rend() const;
  inline size_type size() const;
  inline size_type max_size() const;
  inline void resize(size_type new_size, const value_type& x = value_type());
  inline size_type capacity() const;
  inline bool empty() const;
  inline void reserve(size_type n);
  inline reference operator[](size_type i);
  inline const_reference operator[](size_type i) const;
  inline reference at(size_type i);
  inline const_reference at(size_type i) const;
  inline reference front();
  inline const_reference front() const;
  inline reference back();
  inline const_reference back() const;
  inline void push_back(const value_type& x);
  inline void pop_back();
  inline iterator insert(iterator position, const value_type& x);
  inline void insert(iterator position, size_type n, const value_type& x);
  template<typename InputIterator>
  inline void insert(iterator position, InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
  inline iterator erase(iterator position);
  inline iterator erase(iterator first, iterator last);
  inline void swap(Array& x);
  inline void clear();



  inline Array<T>& append(const T& x);

  inline void remove(int i);

  inline int length() const;

  inline std::string toString() const;

  inline static bool hasBoundsChecking();

  inline T* getRawPtr();

  inline T* data();

  inline const T* getRawPtr() const;

  inline const T* data() const;



  inline Array( const std::vector<T> &v );

  inline std::vector<T> toVector() const;

  inline Array& operator=( const std::vector<T> &v );




        inline ArrayView<T> view( size_type offset, size_type size );

        inline ArrayView<const T> view( size_type offset, size_type size ) const;

        inline ArrayView<T> operator()( size_type offset, size_type size );

        inline ArrayView<const T> operator()( size_type offset, size_type size ) const;

        inline ArrayView<T> operator()();

        inline ArrayView<const T> operator()() const;

        inline operator ArrayView<T>();

        inline operator ArrayView<const T>() const;


private:

#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  RCP<std::vector<T> > vec_;
  mutable ArrayRCP<T> extern_arcp_;
  mutable ArrayRCP<const T> extern_carcp_;
#ifdef USE_MUTEX_LOCK_FOR_ARRAY
  mutable std::mutex mutex_lock; // this mutex provides thread safe debugging for the vec_, extern_arcp_, extern_carcp_
#endif
#else
  std::vector<T> vec_;
#endif

  inline std::vector<T>& vec(
    bool isStructureBeingModified = false,
    bool activeIter = false
    );

  inline const std::vector<T>& vec() const;

  inline typename std::vector<T>::iterator
  raw_position( iterator position );

  inline void assertIndex(size_type i) const;

  inline void assertNotNull() const;

};


template<class T>
ArrayRCP<T> arcp( const RCP<Array<T> > &v )
{
  if ( is_null(v) || !v->size() )
    return null;
  return arcpWithEmbeddedObjPostDestroy<T,RCP<Array<T> > >(
    &(*v)[0], 0, v->size(),
    v, false
    );
}


template<class T>
ArrayRCP<const T> arcp( const RCP<const Array<T> > &v )
{
  if ( is_null(v) || !v->size() )
    return null;
  return arcpWithEmbeddedObjPostDestroy<const T,RCP<const Array<T> > >(
    &(*v)[0], 0, v->size(),
    v, false
    );
}


template<class T>
ArrayRCP<T> arcpFromArray( Array<T> &a )
{
  if (a.size() == 0)
    return null;
#ifdef TEUCHOS_DEBUG
  return a.begin(); // Catch dangling reference!
#else
  return arcp(a.getRawPtr(), 0, a.size(), false);
#endif
}


template<class T>
ArrayRCP<const T> arcpFromArray( const Array<T> &a )
{
  if (a.size() == 0)
    return null;
#ifdef TEUCHOS_DEBUG
  return a.begin(); // Catch dangling reference!
#else
  return arcp(a.getRawPtr(), 0, a.size(), false);
#endif
}


template<typename T>
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Array<T>& array);


template<typename T> inline
int hashCode(const Array<T>& array);


template<typename T> inline
std::vector<T> createVector( const Array<T> &a );


template<typename T>
std::string toString(const Array<T>& array);


template<typename T>
Array<T> fromStringToArray(const std::string& arrayStr);

template<typename T>
std::istringstream& operator>> (std::istringstream& in, Array<T>& array){
  array = fromStringToArray<T>(in.str());
  return in;
}

template<typename T> inline
void extractDataFromISS( std::istringstream& iss, T& data )
{
  iss >> data; // Assumes type has operator>>(...) defined!
}

inline
void extractDataFromISS( std::istringstream& iss, std::string& data )
{
  // grab unformatted string.
  data = iss.str();
  // remove white space from beginning and end of string.
  data = Utils::trimWhiteSpace(data);
}

inline
std::string getArrayTypeNameTraitsFormat(){
  return "Array(*)";
}



template<typename T>
class TEUCHOSCORE_LIB_DLL_EXPORT TypeNameTraits<Array<T> > {
public:
  static std::string name(){
    std::string formatString = getArrayTypeNameTraitsFormat();
    size_t starPos = formatString.find("*");
    std::string prefix = formatString.substr(0,starPos);
    std::string postFix = formatString.substr(starPos+1);
    return prefix+TypeNameTraits<T>::name()+postFix;
  }
  static std::string concreteName(const Array<T>&)
    { return name(); }
};


} // namespace Teuchos


//
// Implementation
//


namespace Teuchos {


// All constructors


template<typename T> inline
Array<T>::Array()
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  : vec_(rcp(new std::vector<T>()))
#endif
{}


template<typename T> inline
Array<T>::Array(size_type n, const value_type& value) :
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  vec_(rcp(new std::vector<T>(n,value)))
#else
  vec_(n, value)
#endif
{}


template<typename T> inline
Array<T>::Array(const Array<T>& x) :
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  vec_(rcp(new std::vector<T>(*x.vec_)))
#else
  vec_(x.vec_)
#endif
{}


template<typename T> template<typename InputIterator> inline
Array<T>::Array(InputIterator first, InputIterator last) :
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  vec_(rcp(new std::vector<T>(first, last)))
#else
  vec_(first, last)
#endif
{}


template<typename T> inline
Array<T>::~Array()
{}


template<typename T> inline
Array<T>::Array(const ArrayView<const T>& a)
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  : vec_(rcp(new std::vector<T>()))
#endif
{
  insert(begin(), a.begin(), a.end());
}


template<typename T>
template<int N>
inline
Array<T>::Array(const Tuple<T,N>& t)
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  : vec_(rcp(new std::vector<T>()))
#endif
{
  insert(begin(), t.begin(), t.end());
}


template<typename T> inline
Array<T>& Array<T>::operator=(const Array& a)
{
#ifdef USE_MUTEX_LOCK_FOR_ARRAY
  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lockGuard(mutex_lock);
#endif
  vec(true) = a.vec();
  return *this;
}


// Other std::vector functions


template<typename T> inline
void Array<T>::assign(size_type n, const value_type& val)
{
#ifdef USE_MUTEX_LOCK_FOR_ARRAY
  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lockGuard(mutex_lock);
#endif
  vec(true).assign(n,val);
}


template<typename T> template<typename InputIterator> inline
void Array<T>::assign(InputIterator first, InputIterator last)
{
#ifdef USE_MUTEX_LOCK_FOR_ARRAY
  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lockGuard(mutex_lock);
#endif
  vec(true).assign(first,last);
}


template<typename T> inline
typename Array<T>::iterator
Array<T>::begin()
{
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK

#ifdef USE_MUTEX_LOCK_FOR_ARRAY
  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lockGuard(mutex_lock);
#endif

  if (is_null(extern_arcp_)) {
    // Here we must use the same RCP to avoid creating two unrelated RCPNodes!
    extern_arcp_ = arcp(vec_); // Will be null if vec_ is sized!
  }
  // Returning a weak pointer will help to catch dangling references but still
  // keep the same behavior as optimized code.

  return extern_arcp_.create_weak();
#else
  return vec().begin();
#endif
}


template<typename T> inline
typename Array<T>::iterator
Array<T>::end()
{
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  return begin() + size();
#else
  return vec().end();
#endif
}

template<typename T> inline
typename Array<T>::const_iterator
Array<T>::begin() const
{
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK

#ifdef USE_MUTEX_LOCK_FOR_ARRAY
  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lockGuard(mutex_lock);
#endif
  if (is_null(extern_carcp_)) {
    // Note that this used to call the non-const begin() function above
    // I've moved that code here to make the mutex locking more transparent and
    // prevent the need to structure something awkward to avoid double locks
    // The original line of code was this:
    // extern_carcp_ = const_cast<Array<T>*>(this)->begin();
    // Now replaced by the following code which mirrors the above begin() call
    if (is_null(extern_arcp_)) {
      extern_arcp_ = arcp(vec_);
    }
    // note that we call create_weak() twice, first on the non-const and then
    // below on the const - this preserves the original design exactly
    extern_carcp_ = extern_arcp_.create_weak();
  }

  // Returning a weak pointer will help to catch dangling references but still
  // keep the same behavior as optimized code.
  return extern_carcp_.create_weak();
#else
  return vec().begin();
#endif
}


template<typename T> inline
typename Array<T>::const_iterator
Array<T>::end() const
{
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  return begin() + size();
#else
  return vec().end();
#endif
}


template<typename T> inline
typename Array<T>::reverse_iterator
Array<T>::rbegin()
{
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  return reverse_iterator(end());
#else
  return vec().rbegin();
#endif
}


template<typename T> inline
typename Array<T>::reverse_iterator
Array<T>::rend()
{
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  return reverse_iterator(begin());
#else
  return vec().rend();
#endif
}


template<typename T> inline
typename Array<T>::const_reverse_iterator
Array<T>::rbegin() const
{
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  return const_reverse_iterator(end());
#else
  return vec().rbegin();
#endif
}


template<typename T> inline
typename Array<T>::const_reverse_iterator
Array<T>::rend() const
{
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  return const_reverse_iterator(begin());
#else
  return vec().rend();
#endif
}


template<typename T> inline
typename Array<T>::size_type
Array<T>::size() const
{
  return vec().size();
}


template<typename T> inline
typename Array<T>::size_type
Array<T>::max_size() const
{
  return std::numeric_limits<size_type>::max();
}


template<typename T> inline
void
Array<T>::resize(size_type new_size, const value_type& x)
{
#ifdef USE_MUTEX_LOCK_FOR_ARRAY
  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lockGuard(mutex_lock);
#endif
  vec(true).resize(new_size,x);
}


template<typename T> inline
typename Array<T>::size_type
Array<T>::capacity() const
{
  return vec().capacity();
}


template<typename T> inline
bool Array<T>::empty() const
{
  return vec().empty();
}


template<typename T> inline
void Array<T>::reserve(size_type n)
{
#ifdef USE_MUTEX_LOCK_FOR_ARRAY
  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lockGuard(mutex_lock);
#endif
  vec(true).reserve(n);
}


template<typename T> inline
typename Array<T>::reference
Array<T>::operator[](size_type i)
{
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  assertIndex(i);
#endif
  return vec()[i];
}


template<typename T> inline
typename Array<T>::const_reference
Array<T>::operator[](size_type i) const
{
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  assertIndex(i);
#endif
  return vec()[i];
}


template<typename T> inline
typename Array<T>::reference
Array<T>::at(size_type i)
{
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  assertIndex(i);
#endif
  return vec().at(i);
}


template<typename T> inline
typename Array<T>::const_reference
Array<T>::at(size_type i) const
{
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  assertIndex(i);
#endif
  return vec().at(i);
}


template<typename T> inline
typename Array<T>::reference
Array<T>::front()
{
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  assertNotNull();
#endif
  return vec().front();
}


template<typename T> inline
typename Array<T>::const_reference
Array<T>::front() const
{
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  assertNotNull();
#endif
  return vec().front();
}


template<typename T> inline
typename Array<T>::reference
Array<T>::back()
{
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  assertNotNull();
#endif
  return vec().back();
}


template<typename T> inline
typename Array<T>::const_reference
Array<T>::back() const
{
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  assertNotNull();
#endif
  return vec().back();
}


template<typename T> inline
void Array<T>::push_back(const value_type& x)
{
#ifdef USE_MUTEX_LOCK_FOR_ARRAY
  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lockGuard(mutex_lock);
#endif
  vec(true).push_back(x);
}


template<typename T> inline
void Array<T>::pop_back()
{
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  assertNotNull();
#endif
#ifdef USE_MUTEX_LOCK_FOR_ARRAY
  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lockGuard(mutex_lock);
#endif
  vec(true).pop_back();
}


// 2009/11/13:: rabartl: After moving to a full RCPNode tracing and lookup
// model, I had to how modifying functions like insert(...) and erase(...)
// work which have active iterators controled by the client and yet need to
// allow the structure of the container change.  The way these troublesome
// functions work is that first the raw std::vector iterator is extracted.
// The function vec(true, true) then deletes the strong iterators but there is
// still a weak ArrayRCP object that is owned by the client which is being
// passed into this function.  The issue is that the design of ArrayRCP is
// such that the RCPNode object is not removed but instead remains in order to
// perform runtime checking.


template<typename T> inline
typename Array<T>::iterator
Array<T>::insert(iterator position, const value_type& x)
{
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  // Assert a valid iterator and get vector iterator
  const typename std::vector<T>::iterator raw_poss = raw_position(position);
  const difference_type i = position - begin();
#ifdef USE_MUTEX_LOCK_FOR_ARRAY
  {
  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lockGuard(mutex_lock);
#endif
  vec(true, true).insert(raw_poss, x);
#ifdef USE_MUTEX_LOCK_FOR_ARRAY
  } // must unlock mutex_lock before calling begin() which will lock again
#endif
  return begin() + i;
#else
  return vec_.insert(position, x);
#endif
}


template<typename T> inline
void Array<T>::insert(iterator position, size_type n, const value_type& x)
{
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  const typename std::vector<T>::iterator raw_poss = raw_position(position);
#ifdef USE_MUTEX_LOCK_FOR_ARRAY
  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lockGuard(mutex_lock);
#endif
  vec(true, true).insert(raw_poss, n, x);
#else
  vec_.insert(position, n, x);
#endif
}


template<typename T> template<typename InputIterator> inline
void Array<T>::insert(iterator position, InputIterator first, InputIterator last)
{
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  const typename std::vector<T>::iterator raw_poss = raw_position(position);
#ifdef USE_MUTEX_LOCK_FOR_ARRAY
  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lockGuard(mutex_lock);
#endif
  vec(true, true).insert(raw_poss, first, last);
#else
  vec_.insert(position, first, last);
#endif
}


template<typename T> inline
typename Array<T>::iterator
Array<T>::erase(iterator position)
{
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  assertNotNull();
  // Assert a valid iterator and get vector iterator
  const typename std::vector<T>::iterator raw_poss = raw_position(position);
  const difference_type i = position - begin();
#ifdef USE_MUTEX_LOCK_FOR_ARRAY
  {
  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lockGuard(mutex_lock);
#endif
  vec(true, true).erase(raw_poss);
#ifdef USE_MUTEX_LOCK_FOR_ARRAY
  } // must unlock mutex_lock before call begin() or dead lock on second call
#endif
  return begin() + i;
#else
  return vec_.erase(position);
#endif
}


template<typename T> inline
typename Array<T>::iterator
Array<T>::erase(iterator first, iterator last)
{
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  if (empty()) {
    TEUCHOS_ASSERT(first == begin());
    TEUCHOS_ASSERT(last == end());
    return end();
  }
  assertNotNull();
  // Assert a valid iterator and get vector iterator
  const typename std::vector<T>::iterator raw_first = raw_position(first);
  const typename std::vector<T>::iterator raw_last = raw_position(last);
  const difference_type i = first - begin();
#ifdef USE_MUTEX_LOCK_FOR_ARRAY
  {
  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lockGuard(mutex_lock);
#endif
  vec(true,true).erase(raw_first,raw_last);
#ifdef USE_MUTEX_LOCK_FOR_ARRAY
  }  // must unlock mutex_lock before call begin() or dead lock on second call
#endif
  return begin() + i;
#else
  return vec_.erase(first,last);
#endif
}


template<typename T> inline
void Array<T>::swap(Array& x)
{
#ifdef USE_MUTEX_LOCK_FOR_ARRAY
  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lockGuard(mutex_lock);
#endif
  vec(true).swap(x.vec());
}


template<typename T> inline
void Array<T>::clear()
{
#ifdef USE_MUTEX_LOCK_FOR_ARRAY
  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lockGuard(mutex_lock);
#endif
  vec(true).clear();
}


// Non-standard functions


template<typename T> inline
Array<T>& Array<T>::append(const T& x)
{
  this->push_back(x);
  return *this;
}


template<typename T> inline
void Array<T>::remove(int i)
{
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  assertIndex(i);
#endif
  // Erase the i-th element of this array.
  this->erase( this->begin() + i );
}


template<typename T> inline
int Array<T>::length() const
{
  return static_cast<int> (this->size ());
}


template<typename T> inline
std::string Array<T>::toString() const
{
  return (*this)().toString(); // Use ArrayView<T>::toString()
}


template<typename T> inline
bool Array<T>::hasBoundsChecking()
{
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  return true;
#else
  return false;
#endif
}


template<typename T> inline
T* Array<T>::getRawPtr()
{
  return ( size() ? &(*this)[0] : nullptr );
}

template<typename T> inline
T* Array<T>::data()
{
  return ( size() ? &(*this)[0] : nullptr );
}

template<typename T> inline
const T* Array<T>::getRawPtr() const
{
  return ( size() ? &(*this)[0] : nullptr );
}

template<typename T> inline
const T* Array<T>::data() const
{
  return ( size() ? &(*this)[0] : nullptr );
}

// Conversions to and from std::vector


template<typename T> inline
Array<T>::Array( const std::vector<T> &v ) :
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  vec_(new std::vector<T>(v))
#else
  vec_(v)
#endif
{}


template<typename T> inline
std::vector<T> Array<T>::toVector() const
{
  if (!size())
    return std::vector<T>();
  std::vector<T> v(begin(),end());
  return v;
}


template<typename T> inline
Array<T>& Array<T>::operator=( const std::vector<T> &v )
{
#ifdef USE_MUTEX_LOCK_FOR_ARRAY
  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lockGuard(mutex_lock);
#endif
  vec(true) = v;
  return *this;
}


// Views


template<typename T> inline
ArrayView<T> Array<T>::view( size_type offset, size_type size_in )
{
  if (size_in) {
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
    return ArrayView<T>(this->begin().persistingView(offset, size_in));
#else
    return arrayView( &vec()[offset], size_in );
#endif
  }
  return Teuchos::null;
}


template<typename T> inline
ArrayView<const T> Array<T>::view( size_type offset, size_type size_in ) const
{
  if (size_in) {
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
    return ArrayView<const T>(this->begin().persistingView(offset, size_in));
#else
    return arrayView( &vec()[offset], size_in );
#endif
  }
  return Teuchos::null;
  // NOTE: Above, we use a different implementation to call the const version
  // of begin() instead of the non-const version.  This sets up a different
  // ArrayRCP object that gets checked.
}


template<typename T> inline
ArrayView<T> Array<T>::operator()( size_type offset, size_type size_in )
{
  return view(offset, size_in);
}


template<typename T> inline
ArrayView<const T> Array<T>::operator()( size_type offset, size_type size_in ) const
{
  return view(offset, size_in);
}


template<typename T> inline
ArrayView<T> Array<T>::operator()()
{
  if (!size())
    return null;
  return this->view(0, size());
}


template<typename T> inline
ArrayView<const T> Array<T>::operator()() const
{
  if (!size())
    return null;
  return this->view(0, size());
}


template<typename T> inline
Array<T>::operator ArrayView<T>()
{
  return this->operator()();
}


template<typename T> inline
Array<T>::operator ArrayView<const T>() const
{
  return this->operator()();
}


// private


template<typename T>
std::vector<T>&
Array<T>::vec( bool isStructureBeingModified, bool activeIter )
{
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  (void)activeIter;
  if (isStructureBeingModified) {
    // Give up my ArrayRCPs used for iterator access since the array we be
    // getting modifed!  Any clients that have views through weak pointers
    // better not touch them!

    // Note that in debug mode these are mutex protected - the mutex should
    // always be locked when this function is called with
    // isStructureBeingModified true
    extern_arcp_ = null;
    extern_carcp_ = null;
  }
  return *vec_;
#else
  // get rid of "unused parameter" warnings
  (void)isStructureBeingModified;
  (void)activeIter;
  return vec_;
#endif
}


template<typename T> inline
const std::vector<T>&
Array<T>::vec() const
{
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  return *vec_;
#else
  return vec_;
#endif
}


template<typename T> inline
typename std::vector<T>::iterator
Array<T>::raw_position( iterator position )
{
#ifdef HAVE_TEUCHOS_ARRAY_BOUNDSCHECK
  const iterator first = this->begin();
  const iterator last = this->end();
  TEUCHOS_TEST_FOR_EXCEPTION(
    !(first <= position && position <= last), DanglingReferenceError,
    "Error, this iterator is no longer valid for this Aray!"
    );
  // Note, above operator<=(...) functions will throw
  // IncompatibleIteratorsError if the iterators do not share the same
  // RCP_node object!
  return vec_->begin() + (position - this->begin());
#else
  return position;
#endif
}


template<typename T> inline
void Array<T>::assertIndex(size_type i) const
{
  TEUCHOS_TEST_FOR_EXCEPTION(
    !( 0 <= i && i < size() ), RangeError,
    "Array<T>::assertIndex(i): i="<<i<<" out of range [0, "<< size() << ")"
    );
}


template<typename T> inline
void Array<T>::assertNotNull() const
{
  TEUCHOS_TEST_FOR_EXCEPTION(
    !size(), NullReferenceError,
    typeName(*this)<<"::assertNotNull(): "
    "Error, the array has size zero!"
    );
}


} // namespace Teuchos


// Nonmember functions


template<typename T> inline
bool Teuchos::operator==( const Array<T> &a1, const Array<T> &a2 )
{ return (a1.vec() == a2.vec()); }


template<typename T> inline
bool Teuchos::operator!=( const Array<T> &a1, const Array<T> &a2 )
{ return (a1.vec() != a2.vec()); }


template<typename T> inline
void Teuchos::swap( Array<T> &a1, Array<T> &a2 )
{ a1.swap(a2); }


template<typename T> inline
bool Teuchos::operator<( const Array<T> &a1, const Array<T> &a2 )
{ return (a1.vec() < a2.vec()); }


template<typename T> inline
bool Teuchos::operator<=( const Array<T> &a1, const Array<T> &a2 )
{ return (a1.vec() <= a2.vec()); }


template<typename T> inline
bool Teuchos::operator>( const Array<T> &a1, const Array<T> &a2 )
{ return (a1.vec() > a2.vec()); }


template<typename T> inline
bool Teuchos::operator>=( const Array<T> &a1, const Array<T> &a2 )
{ return (a1.vec() >= a2.vec()); }


template<typename T> inline
std::ostream& Teuchos::operator<<(
  std::ostream& os, const Array<T>& array
  )
{
  return os << Teuchos::toString(array);
}


template<typename T> inline
int Teuchos::hashCode(const Array<T>& array)
{
  int rtn = hashCode(array.length());
  for (int i=0; i<array.length(); i++)
  {
    rtn += hashCode(array[i]);
  }
  if (rtn < 0)
  {
    /* Convert the largest -ve int to zero and -1 to
    * std::numeric_limits<int>::max()
    * */
    size_t maxIntBeforeWrap = std::numeric_limits<int>::max();
    maxIntBeforeWrap ++;
    rtn += maxIntBeforeWrap;
  }
  return rtn;
}


template<typename T> inline
std::vector<T> Teuchos::createVector( const Array<T> &a )
{
  return a.toVector();
}


template<typename T> inline
std::string Teuchos::toString(const Array<T>& array)
{
  return array.toString();
}


template<typename T>
Teuchos::Array<T>
Teuchos::fromStringToArray(const std::string& arrayStr)
{
  const std::string str = Utils::trimWhiteSpace(arrayStr);
  std::istringstream iss(str);
  TEUCHOS_TEST_FOR_EXCEPTION(
    ( str[0]!='{' || str[str.length()-1] != '}' )
    ,InvalidArrayStringRepresentation
    ,"Error, the std::string:\n"
    "----------\n"
    <<str<<
    "\n----------\n"
    "is not a valid array represntation!"
    );
  char c;
  c = iss.get(); // Read initial '{'
  TEUCHOS_TEST_FOR_EXCEPT(c!='{'); // Should not throw!
  // Now we are ready to begin reading the entries of the array!
  Array<T> a;
  while( !iss.eof() ) {
    // Get the basic entry std::string
    std::string entryStr;
    std::getline(iss,entryStr,','); // Get next entry up to ,!
    // ToDo: Above, we might have to be careful to look for the opening and
    // closing of parentheses in order not to pick up an internal ',' in the
    // middle of an entry (for a std::complex number for instance).  The above
    // implementation assumes that there will be no commas in the middle of
    // the std::string representation of an entry.  This is certainly true for
    // the types bool, int, float, and double.
    //
    // Trim whitespace from beginning and end
    entryStr = Utils::trimWhiteSpace(entryStr);
    TEUCHOS_TEST_FOR_EXCEPTION(
      0 == entryStr.length(),
      InvalidArrayStringRepresentation,
      "Error, the std::string:\n"
      "----------\n"
      <<str<<
      "\n----------\n"
      "is not a valid array represntation because it has an empty array entry!"
      );
    // Remove the final '}' if this is the last entry and we did not
    // actually terminate the above getline(...) on ','
    bool found_end = false;
    if(entryStr[entryStr.length()-1]=='}') {
      entryStr = entryStr.substr(0,entryStr.length()-1);
      found_end = true;
      if( entryStr.length()==0 && a.size()==0 )
        return a; // This is the empty array "{}" (with any spaces in it!)
    }
    // Finally we can convert the entry and add it to the array!
    std::istringstream entryiss(entryStr);
    T entry;
    Teuchos::extractDataFromISS( entryiss, entry );
    // ToDo: We may need to define a traits class to allow us to specialized
    // how conversion from a std::string to a object is done!
    a.push_back(entry);
    // At the end of the loop body here, if we have reached the last '}'
    // then the input stream iss should be empty and iss.eof() should be
    // true, so the loop should terminate.  We put an std::exception test here
    // just in case something has gone wrong.
    TEUCHOS_TEST_FOR_EXCEPTION(
      found_end && !iss.eof()
      ,InvalidArrayStringRepresentation
      ,"Error, the std::string:\n"
      "----------\n"
      <<str<<
      "\n----------\n"
      "is not a valid array represntation!"
      );
  }
  return a;
}


#endif // TEUCHOS_ARRAY_H